Clubfoot: an updated review

Abstract

Congenital talipes equinovarus, commonly referred to as clubfoot, is one of the most frequent congenital deformities of the lower limb. Over the last few decades, a major paradigm shift has occurred in its management, with the Ponseti method becoming the gold standard for treatment worldwide. However, other treatment modalities, including selected surgical procedures, may still be required. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathoanatomy, clinical assessment, treatment principles, recurrence management, and long-term outcomes of clubfoot, emphasizing current evidence-based practices relevant to foot and ankle specialists. Level of evidence V; Expert opinion; Therapeutic studies - investigating the results of treatment.